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revision on Abnormalities of sex determination and differentiation,Disorders of puberty


posted by shirlxslsm

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Revision on Abnormalities of sex determination and differentiation,Disorders of puberty

1.TURNER'S SYNDROME
































-A genetic defect in which affected women have only one X chromosome, causing developmental abnormalities and infertility.

-gonadal dysgenesis/ovarian dysgenesis
-also known as Bonnevie-Ullrich syndrome;monosomyx

-45,XO-sterile female
-meiotic.mitotic non disjunction
-sex chromatin absent
-external gernitalia of female may be present
-most XO fetuses die before birth
-low plasma estradiol
-High plasma LH and FSH concentration

Possible symptoms in young infants:
-wide and webbed neck
-imature internal sensual organ
-swollen hands and feet

In older females:
-short stature
-absent or incomplete development of puberty,including sparse pubic hair and small breast
-nipples wide apart at most extreme point.
-broad flat chest,shaped like a shield 
-drooping eyelids
-dry eyes
-infertility
-primary amenorrhea
-vaginal dryness,lead to painful intercourse

2 Klinefelter's syndrome




-A syndrome affecting males in which the cells have an extra X chromosome (in addition to the normal XY), characterized by a tall thin physique, small infertile testes, and enlarged breasts


-most common sex chromosome abnormality
-47,XXY
-non disjunction during 1st/2nd meiotic division in either parents.
-Mitotic nondisjunction
-Sex chromatin present.

Features:
-above average height.
-Have genitalia of a normal male.
-feminine features in an apparent male with small testis
-seminiferous tubules dysgenesis
-sterile male
-50% has bilateral gynaecomastia
-high incidence of mental retardation

3.TRUE HERMAPHRODISM

-presence in an individual of both ovarian and testicular tissues and of ambiguous morphologic criteria of sex

-individual has both testis and ovaries
mixture of XX and XY-monosaicism.

4.MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM

PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM- A state in which an individual possesses the internal reproductive organs of one sex while exhibiting some of the external physical characteristics of the opposite sex. Also called false hermaphroditism.

-the individual is genetically male and has male gonads (testes) but has significant female secondary sex characters.
-Female external gernitalias in genetic male when embryonic testes defective.androgen resistance.
-puberty, LH secretion and circulating testosterone levels increased.thus they developed male libido and male body contours
-clitoris enlarges to the point that some of the individual can have intercourse with woman.




5.FEMALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM


-the individual is genetically female and has female gonads (ovaries) but has significant male secondary sex characters
-male genital development in genetic females after exposure to androgens during 8-13th weeks of gestation.
-congenital virilizing afrenal hyperplasia or androgen adminstered to mother.

6.DOWN'S SYNDROME


-Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation and malformation in a newborn. It occurs because of the presence of an extra chromosome
 Features:
-slanting,almond shaped eyes
-protruding tongue
-small,open mouth
-flat nose bridge
-flattened face
-small ears

7.True precocious puberty


-abnormally early development of sexual maturity.
-early development of secondary sexual characteristics with gametogenesis due to early but normal gonadotropin  secretion from anterior pituitary.
- causes : -constitutional ,disorders involving posterior hypothalamus,gonadotropin independant precocity.

8.Precocious pseudopuberty


-early development of secondary sexual characteristics without gametogenesis due to abnormal exposure of immature males to androgen and females to estrogen.
-causes: adrenal-congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia , androgen/estrogen secreting tumours
             gonadal- tumours of testis(leydig cells), tumours of ovary(granulosa cells).miscellaneous.











mixed feelings


posted by shirlxslsm

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sad. sad that i actually read every word of ur blog.
yet ur nt willing to read my blog. jus flash through. mayb ur tired. mayb ur nt in d mood.
but hey. i've had a rough day.

to me. reading your blog makes me understand ur past better. it's smtg i will treasure.
mayb ur nt the person who cares abt the past. but hey. nt knwing my past means u nvr even knw me at all ..


just let down i guess


posted by shirlxslsm

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washing my face with tears for these few nights..

i wish you would care more..
i wish you would spend more time with me..
i wish you would pay attention to me ...

not that i dun appreciate u..
but because of wad u did..
i lost the guts to lament to you..
i lost d bravery to tel u hw i feel..
maybe i owe u too much,,
to think that i should not be so selfish...

i'd rather take all this to myself..
right now i really would like to call u up and cry everything out.
nope.
i'd rather cry myself..
spending time together is getting harder...
i tried everything..
wasted my money my time..
but i dont feel the effort from the other side...
i dunno.. mayb u did..
but i just dont see it..
it makes me wonder how much you actually care?
forget abt the gifts and all..
i know u gave me lots of dat..
but all i need is someone to talk to..
like a friend. like a partner.

it's been more than a month..
i can hardly rmb ur face...
sad but true...
i nvr like to say anything abt this...
i guess i just wanna be a more mature person to you..
complaining may not be the thing to do...

people may envy the romantic stuff u did..
yes i agree they are sweet and romantic...
but that dont last long..
i hope you remember that..

and yes i love you..
i just hope u love me the way i did.

i wish you would see tis..yet i doubt it.. you nvr read my blog.

damn teary night again

christmas tears =)


posted by shirlxslsm

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merry christmas everyone! let's start off with a picture of me in a chirstmas hat :p
WHEEEE <3
being away fr home..
away from family and friends...
away fr the smell of pork turkey..
the carols...
the christmas presents..
one is bound to miss home
having being 2,012 miles away...

thank god thr's a batch party for us mbbs student =)))
we've got carols to sing... ( huat lalala~~ lalalala... LOL)
presents to exchange.. (damn tat reminds me. i hvn collected my presents yet :S)
food to eat.. (no pork turkey but curry instead =)
and a kit kat as a door gift...  (kit kat is gold here in manipal)
everyone had fun at the party.. it brought us closer and
spread the joy and warmth of christmas upon everyone's face =)

some pictures taken at the party ..
                                        


funniest picture ever! me and my small eye friend :D

me and my innocent friend o.o

ma gang <3
carolling =)

the party ended early..
my christmas started with the party ends with the party...

that night was the worst christmas eve ever...
someone came and stole my christmas away..
someone special whom i care and love for ...

u knw wads my christmas wish ?
the ones i cared for and love the most will stil get the love they deserved
even if i am not there by their side..
especially to the special someone...
pray that he can feel the warmth of christmas so that loneliness wont come by him..
even if i was crying..he who is on the other side of the earth would smile always and be happy always..
so that even when i am sad or down.. he will be there to care for me and to cheer me up..

paiseh kalau terlalu loso LOL..

but santa is kinda mean this year..
loneliness crept on tat special someone..
he took the warmth and joy of christmas away from him..
in turn... he took it away from me too..
*long story lazy tell and ít's kinda personal*

so yea.. cried whole night until my existing big-enuf eyebag got bigger! basically im nw a panda doraemon LOL

so yea my christmas is filled with tears ...
christmas isnt christmas..
but at least santa isnt so bad...
at least i hav mr L to count on..
my best friend whom i love and who knows me well.. =)
 i miss the mcflurry moment with you
and u knw how much christmas meant to me <3

merry christmas to everyone out thr and enjoy it while u stil can =)

cheers,
shirl =)

p/s i love this pic :D








christmas is here, new year comin =)


posted by shirlxslsm

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WOW it's christmas eve already!!
but no christmas atmosphere here for a medical student here in India..
thr's a freaking test on christmas eve!!!
sure thr's a celebration ..
but it's just not the same ...
no christmas trees... no christmas presents...need i mention FAMILY?=(

anyways....
christmas is here.. this could only mean one thing!
a new year is coming o.o!
deng deng! 2012 the end of the world!!!! deng deng deng ~~~~ *epic fail*

cnt think of another better way to celebrate christmas and the coming of a new year by lookin through

THE EVOLUTION OF ME! *no im nt being vain..well mayb a lil :x*

let's use some pictures :D
erm.. yea.. when i was in primary school.. around 7 years old.. damn chubby


eeewww nerdy prefect high school senior year =.= (17)

stil during high school...

college!! i have NO IDEA why i CUT my LONG HAIR!=.=


halfway through college life.. finally nt tat ah sam lookin!


seee... im smiling happily!! and my hair is getting LONGER :D

ahahaha coconut head! :D kinda miss this hair length .. hmmm

uni life! INDIA! MEDICAL STUDENT :D
it only gets better... i tink


uni life!
coconut head again!
 this was my first hair cut in india! and im nt goin bac to that shop again!

=)

NOW!! deng deng!!!
my hair is finally LONG! wheeee ~~
and damn i changed a LOT!
=.=

last but not least....





merry christmas everybody :D






冬至 。爱


posted by shirlxslsm

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22/12/2011
今年第一次没在家过冬至。
通常现在一定忙着陪妈妈揉汤圆煮汤圆。。
气氛很热闹=)

从小
我就很喜欢看妈妈做蛋糕 烹饪之类的。
贪吃之余
觉得妈妈认真的样子真的很迷人。。=)

冬至对我们的家庭有着不同的意义。。
因为也是妈妈的生日=)

还记得小时候
跟爸爸借钱
和妹妹买一张生日卡送给妈妈。。
在妈妈起床前放在她的枕头地下。。
=))))))))


妈妈
离开家的短短日子。
很想你。。
很想家。。

生日快乐。

我爱你=)

晴天。阴天。


posted by shirlxslsm

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晴天
心情像天气一样温暖
想彩虹一样色彩缤纷
想夕阳一样灿烂

今天
心情是阴天。
像坐过山车一样,快缺氧了
像没有月亮星星的夜晚,整个世界像停了电一样
像一首悲伤的情歌
心情很复杂
找不到出口
找不到退路

听着电台播着刘若英的‘写给十五岁的自己的信’
顿时心情像找到了对的吉他玄
与旋律变成完美却凄凉的合音
十五岁的自己显得没烦恼
现在的自己。。

想大哭一场。。
想大闹一场。。

阴天
快离开我的世界